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Human Microbiome Alterations in Multiple Sclerosis
A systematic review found significant changes in the human microbiome of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), linking these alterations to disease phenotype, inflammation, and treatment methods. Notably, these microbiota changes affect immune responses, particularly in T cell differentiation along the Th17/IL-17 pathway.
What this does not proveHowever, substantial methodological variability, the predominance of cross-sectional designs that limit causal insights, treatment confounders, and poor reproducibility of specific microbial findings reduce the strength of these associations.